With regard to the logistics of our country, this article is recommended
- 2018-02-28 12:21
- Logistics transportation and transportation GDP industrial logistics cost performance index
In recent years, the Ministry of transport has conscientiously implemented the decision making plan of the Central Committee and the State Council on promoting the structural reform of the supply side and reducing the cost of the real economic enterprises, formulated and implemented a series of policies and measures, and promoted logistics to reduce costs and increase efficiency. wher are the differences and differences between Chinese and foreign social logistics costs? What are the main factors that restrict the reduction of logistics costs in China? What are the good ways to promote the efficiency of the logistics reduction? Please see -
01、The overall development level of logistics cost and performance in China
The logistics cost is the total expenditure of the specific subject for the logistics activities. Broadly speaking, it includes "visible" expenditures such as transportation, warehousing, packaging, loading and unloading, transportation and distribution, logistics information, and other "invisible" expenditures such as loss of goods, time and capital occupation. By comparing the relevant data of the two major economies in China and the United States, we can grasp the overall development level of the logistics cost and performance in China.
China's total logistics costs, the proportion of GDP horizontal comparison high, but was dropped into the channel.
The total cost of logistics is the sum of the expenditure of a country or region for the logistics activities. The proportion of total logistics cost to GDP can also be understood as the logistics cost assumed by unit GDP, reflecting the logistics cost level of macroeconomic operation, which is widely used in international comparison. In 2016, the total cost of logistics in China was 11 trillion and 100 billion yuan, accounting for 14.9% of GDP. In the same year, the total cost of logistics in the United States was 1 trillion and 400 billion dollars, accounting for 7.5% of the total GDP, and the total logistics cost in China accounted for GDP, which was significantly higher than that in the United States.
The proportion of total logistics cost to GDP is closely related to the economic structure and the level of logistics performance. In the case of the United States, from 1981 to 1990, the third industry proportion rose from 63% to 78%, at the same time, JIT logistics (JIT logistics), the popularity of highway transportation resource integration also greatly enhance the efficiency of logistics, logistics costs accounted for the proportion of GDP decreased from 16.2% in 1981 to 11.4% in 1990. Since entering the new century, the layout of industrial structure and productivity has been gradually balanced. The matching relationship between supply and demand of logistics is relatively stable. The total cost of logistics accounts for 7% to 10% of GDP share.
China and the United States logistics total cost development phase comparison chart. (sources: China logistics and procurement Federation, the American Supply Chain Management Association)
At present, China is in the middle and late period of industrialization, and the high operation of the macro logistics cost is the basic feature of this period. From 2003 to 2013, China's total logistics cost of GDP has been maintained at a high level of about 20%. With the increase of the proportion of the third industry and the improvement of transportation efficiency, the total logistics cost of GDP has been decreasing since 2014, which is similar to that of the US in 80s. In the future, with the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure and the improvement of the quality of logistics, the proportion of the total logistics cost in China will continue to decline in the proportion of GDP.
The cost of logistics, "static" link is relatively high.
The total logistics cost is composed of transportation costs, storage costs and management costs. The proportion of the three is mainly reflected in the cost and expenditure ratio of the different links of the logistics chain. Transportation costs occurred in the "dynamic" link, the efficiency of logistics activities can reflect; the cost of storage is composed of interest, insurance, warehousing, cargo loss and information costs; management fee by management personnel remuneration, office expenses, education and training, labor insurance and other related logistics activity cost. In 2016, the total cost of transportation, storage and management in China was 53.9%, 33.1% and 13% respectively, showing a "321" structure. In the same year, the cost of transportation, storage and management in the United States was 66.4%, 30.4% and 3.2%, respectively. Compared with the United States, the total cost structure of logistics in China is higher than that of the US in terms of total cost structure, while the proportion of goods such as storage and management is still at a "static state".
The composition of the total logistics cost of China and the United States. (sources: China logistics and procurement Federation, the American Supply Chain Management Association)
From the total logistics cost structure change trend, since 1981, the proportion of transport costs are rising gradually, since 1993 has remained above 60%, in 2016 reached 66.4%; the cost of storage is decreased year by year, after 2000 below 35%; management fee has been maintained in 4% the left and right low. In general, the cost of "static" link, which is composed of storage cost and management cost, has been effectively compressed, and the efficiency of goods circulation is greatly improved.
Since 90s, the proportion of transportation and storage expenses in China has fluctuated at 50% and 30% respectively. The proportion of management expenses has increased from 1991 to 2009, and has remained at around 13% from 2010 to 2016. At present, the proportion of transportation cost in China's logistics cost is relatively low, and the cost of storage and management is obviously higher than that of the US. It reflects the problems of high inventory, poor circulation and poor management in economic activities.
To China's logistics costs rose slightly by.
By the logistics cost is the total cost of logistics will be allocated to the per ton kilometer. The most fundamental purpose is to complete the logistics of goods logistics cost can reflect the displacement, by comprehensive cost of social logistics from the perspective of flow unit. In 2016, China's logistics cost is 0.59 yuan per ton kilometer, 27.8% higher than in 2003, an average annual growth rate of nearly 1.9%, with an average annual growth rate of CPI, the basic.
In 2014, China's logistics cost by 0.57 yuan / ton kilometers (for the same period compared with 2014 data). The same period in the United States according to the current exchange rate calculation about 1.17 yuan / ton, if the purchasing power parity effect excluding the price, the logistics cost is 0.67 yuan / ton km / km, slightly higher than in china. From the development of American logistics industry experience, by logistics cost change and factor price, logistics efficiency, market competition, logistics industry is closely related to the added value.
The cost of logistics development phase comparison ton kilometers. (sources: Transportation Department, China logistics and procurement Federation, United States Transportation Department, American Supply Chain Management Association)
At present, due to the comprehensive transportation system and enhance the level of logistics operation, although the factor prices rose significantly, but the overall kilometer logistics cost in our country to maintain a low growth rate, similar to the U.S. development in 80s. The future, high value, small volume, multi batch transportation demand will continue to increase, the overall will by China's logistics cost to maintain the upward trend, price will appear reasonable adjustment and regression, but the service performance will be significantly improved, gradually increase the price.
To our country logistics performance index continued to improve.
Logistics performance index by the world bank to publish on a regular basis, including customs efficiency, infrastructure quality, international transportation convenience, logistics service capacity and quality, goods traceability, logistics and transport efficiency "of six indicators, from the perspective of international trade facilitation and evaluation of a country or region's logistics efficiency. China ranked 27 in 160 countries in 2016, ranking second in middle and high income countries with a score of 3.66 (5 points). In the same period, the United States ranked tenth, with a score of 3.99.
Compared with 2007, the gap between China and the US in the logistics performance index has slightly widened, but the score gap is decreasing, from 0.52 in 2007 to 0.33. Among them, the improvement of infrastructure quality is the main driving force of China's logistics performance improvement. It is the most obvious index of China's improvement. The score in 2016 is 3.75, which is 1.17 higher than that in 2007. Clearance efficiency and transport timeliness is the short board of logistics performance in China. The difference between the two indicators and the world's first is over 0.85 (the remaining index gap is less than 0.7). This indicates that China's cross sector, cross regional and cross policy synergy, standard matching, information interconnection and business linkage have short board, which has lowered the rating of China's transport timeliness.
China and the United States logistics performance index comparison chart. (source: World Bank)
In conclusion, from the macro perspective, China's current total logistics costs accounted for the proportion of GDP is relatively high, but with the improvement of economic structure optimization and operation efficiency, will show a gradual downward trend in a longer period of time; from the constitution of logistics costs, transportation costs accounted for relatively low, storage, management and other "static" link costs are relatively high; from the micro level, unit logistics cost comparison is not high, but the structural imbalance of convergence and short board highlights.
02, the main factors restricting the reduction of logistics cost in China
From the comparison between China and the US, the current logistics cost in China basically meets the current economic development characteristics, and is closely related to China's late industrialization stage, but there is still room for greater optimization and upgrading. At present, the factors that affect the reduction of logistics cost in China are mainly included in the following three aspects.
IT industry system
The economic industry is the object of logistics service, and the structure and layout of the industry determine the mode and level of logistics supply to a certain extent. The impact of the industrial system on the logistics cost is mainly reflected in the following:
The heavy industrial structure and the low value-added of the product fundamentally determine the high cost of logistics in China. In 2016, the proportion of China's third industries rose to 51.6%. However, from the international comparison, it is still far below the level of 78% in the United States. According to the IOT estimates, China's third industries accounted for every increase of 1%, total logistics cost and the proportion of GDP fell 0.5%. At the same time, compared with the US, China is in a weak position in the global industrial chain division. The added value of industrial products is low, the value added rate of industry is about 20%, while the United States is about 33%. This means the creation of the same GDP, and our country needs to pay more logistics costs. After the field investigation found that the added value of the goods is more sensitive to lower logistics costs, such as glass, cement and coal industry generally believe that the high cost of logistics; the higher value-added goods is not sensitive to the cost of logistics, such as electronic products, high-end clothing, precision instruments and other industries do not usually believe that the high cost of logistics. At the present stage, our country is the main body of low value-added goods, which is also the root of the high cost of logistics.
The uneven distribution of productivity results in the high cost of logistics in China. An important resource in our country is located in the hinterland of coal, ore, and production and consumption is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal developed areas, resource and consumption showed a reverse distribution in the geographical space, west east coal, grain from the north to the south, Southern food transported north of large-scale and long distance transportation accounted for relatively high. In 2014, China's freight intensity (freight volume /GDP) for 1.79 dollars / ton kilometers, equivalent to 4 times the United states. To create the same GDP, our country needs more logistics and higher cost of logistics.
The lack of linkage between the manufacturing industry and the logistics industry indirectly pushes up the cost of logistics management. China's logistics industry started from a planned economy to a market economy, with the historical legacy of planned economy and the low degree of linkage with upstream. On the one hand, the supply of high-end services in logistics enterprises is insufficient, on the other hand, the low level of socialization of logistics demand in manufacturing industry leads to the lack of logistics intensive and low efficiency. At present, the average turnover time of mobile assets in China's industrial enterprises is 4 times that of the US, and the inventory rate of industrial enterprises is nearly twice that of the US. The flow of logistics chain is not smooth enough, and it costs much in static links.
To transport system
There are also many problems in the transportation sector. For example, the short board of transport infrastructure still exists, the transport structure is unreasonable, the efficiency of transport organization is low, standardization and information development are slow.
The transportation structure is not reasonable, and the economic advantages of railway and water transportation are not fully played. The comprehensive transportation system in our country is not perfect, the "separation" reform has not been completed, the efficiency and quality of service is difficult to meet the increasingly diversified logistics demand, highway bear the bulk of the goods over long distances, "should the public is public, should be iron iron, water should be water transportation pattern has not really formed. From 2005 to 2014, the ratio of highway cargo turnover in China rose from 10.9% to 33.6%, while the turnover of railway goods dropped from 26.4% to 15.1%. Over the same period, the proportion of road freight turnover in the US decreased from 43.3% to 37.7%, while the freight turnover volume of the first class railway increased from 30.6% to 34.9%, which is basically the same as that of the highway. It is estimated that China's highway unit freight rate is 3 times that of the railway and 5 times of the inland river transportation. The highway has undertaken a lot of long distance and bulk cargo transportation, which has increased the logistics cost structurally.
The efficiency of logistics organization needs to be improved. Both ends of supply and demand in China's logistics market are scattered and small, and the level of logistics intensive is low. In road transport as an example, 90% to 7 million 180 thousand road transport operators self-employed in the face more than 7000 small and medium-sized enterprises, both operators of "small and scattered" and "miscellaneous goods" characteristics, compared with the United States and other developed countries, the road freight car carrier, multimodal transport operator development lag, scale management a large gap between the level of organizational innovation. At the same time, the cost of trans port transportation and linking is relatively high, which objectively restricts the comparative advantage and combination efficiency of different transportation modes. The organization mode of multimodal transport, dro and dro transport and joint distribution is still to be promoted.
The standardization of logistics and the slow development of information technology. China's logistics standardization level is not high, the container, the exchange box, the standard tray and other applications are insufficient, and the railway containerization is only 3%. Information interconnection and interoperability is not enough, and the phenomenon of information island and duplication of construction is common. Due to the various modes of transport level of information, different standards, enterprises need to develop one interface, repeated transformation, to obtain information of high cost, poor timeliness, comprehensive utilization rate is low, not high level of real-time information exchange, not only affects the logistics efficiency and service level, but also objectively restricts the development of the transport organization mode of multimodal transport. The.
To the policy system
Policy system is the foundation and guarantee of logistics operation. At present, our country still has a long way to go in building a market environment that is orderly, fair and competitive, and the dividend of reform and management has not yet been fully released. It is mainly reflected in:
The burden of tax and fee increases. "Replacing business tax with value-added tax(VAT)", undertake road freight actual transport services to individual transport operators because there is no special ticket issued rights, while operating billing is limited, not to the downstream freight enterprises to provide value-added tax invoices, resulting in the VAT deduction chain broken, logistics enterprise tax not fall". There is a large amount of the income tax "should be offset", resulting in the shortage of freight logistics enterprises, the tax burden "do not fall back up".
The cost of institutional transaction is high. The overall cost of evidence and qualification management in the field of logistics is high. There is a multi - head management and repeated examination and approval in the same business. Parts cleaning problems Sheqi license unclear, lack of administrative approval, face "put it down" but "not live" problem, grassroots support professional ability is not enough, but increased the processing time and cost.
The way of market supervision is relatively extensive. On the problem of overloading of highway and urban distribution, there are still many problems, such as single supervision means, but hard policy measures. For example, rule over the highway work in some places there are "punishment escrow" monthly fine "phenomenon. Urban distribution management is "one size fits all". The old problem of freight car entering the city is difficult, difficult to dock and difficult to assemble and unload. The highway toll management is not scientific and flexible, and the price leverage has not fully played the role of traffic volume adjustment. The overall operation efficiency of the road network needs to be improved.
The construction of the credit system is not perfect. At present, the road freight in China still adopts the mode of "acquaintance" transaction, which usually has to be 4 to 5 hands, and the freight transaction cost is improved. For example, Shanghai to Guangzhou highway transportation costs 12000 yuan, information fee is 200 - 300 yuan / times, after forwarding, 3 - 5 cattle "hand", information costs reached 1200 yuan, accounted for 10% of freight. In addition, due to the lack of credit, the lack of effective and adequate mortgage and guarantee, the problem of the difficult financing of logistics enterprises exists for a long time. According to the IOT estimates, China's logistics enterprises loan financing needs in more than three trillion yuan every year, traditional financial institutions can only meet less than 10%; the freight logistics underwritten a financing demand of about 600 billion yuan, the bank loan rate was less than 5%.
In summary, restricting China's logistics cost reduction with emphasis on the industrial structure and distribution of productive forces of unequal industrial system factors, there is also a transport structure is unreasonable, the low efficiency of freight logistics transportation system, and the increased tax burden, high transaction costs and institutional policy system factor. In order to reduce the cost of logistics, we need to take full consideration of the influence of various factors and make comprehensive measures to form a resultant force.
03、The way to promote transportation and transportation to reduce the cost of logistics
On the basis of the objective analysis of the cost of logistics in China, we have deeply discussed three factors that affect the reduction of logistics cost in China. Transportation is the core link and the important support of the development of logistics industry, is to enhance the efficiency of the whole logistics chain "method". In order to reduce the cost of logistics, there is a great possibility of transportation and transportation, and we can start from the following three key links:
To: improve the system innovation of modern comprehensive transportation system
Comprehensive transportation system is the perfect foundation to support the logistics industry is to promote the efficiency, reduce logistics costs in the long run. The modern comprehensive transportation system can not only reduce the cost of transportation, but also by speeding up the transportation chain transfer to reduce storage, management of "static" part of the costs, but also to guide the change of population spatial layout and distribution of productive forces, improve the production and consumption of China's reverse distribution pattern, so as to realize the logistics cost down.
A short board to make up the infrastructure. In accordance with the pattern of big transportation, big network and big logistics, we should promote infrastructure construction. We should focus on improving the "bottleneck" of large passages and the "microcirculation" of the hub nodes, so as to promote the interconnection of cross modal and cross regional infrastructures and avoid the "chain breaking" of transportation. According to the adjustment of the industrial layout, the design of the channel is optimized in time to improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources.
We will actively promote the reform of railway enterprises. Actively promote the Chinese railway company and the railway bureau company system reform, accelerate the establishment of modern enterprise system, the management mechanism of railway enterprise innovation, orderly implementation of railway enterprises of mixed ownership reform and asset capitalization, guided by the market, improve the efficiency and profit of railway freight transportation.
Speed up the development of intelligent transportation. We should promote the digitalization and networking of infrastructure and transportation tools, create ubiquitous transportation Internet of things, speed up the opening and sharing of transportation and logistics information, and improve transportation management and intelligent decision-making level, and comprehensively enhance transport efficiency and service quality.
You: good management innovation "management services" and "chess upper hand"
"Management services" is China's transformation of government functions, the construction of socialist market economy "method", the transportation cost reduction, make up the short board, strong service, excellent environment, growth momentum has a positive effect and long-term effect. On the one hand, "tube clothing" will release the reform dividend, reduce the institutional transaction costs, and help the masses and enterprises. On the other hand, "tube clothing" is empowered in the market and society, to stimulate enterprise organization innovation, management innovation, and to promote economic reduction and increase efficiency.
Reduce institutional transaction costs. Strengthen the administrative approval to cancel the decentralization initiatives, efforts to promote the work of local implementation of central specified to cancel the approval, further promote the reform of commercial systems, do real good occupation qualification for the enterprise logistics reform, reducing the threshold, reducing the burden, to create more space for lowering the efficiency of the logistics industry.
Improve the business environment. The list management system should be implemented to speed up the development and improvement of the list of power and responsibility, the negative list and the service list. To promote the joint law enforcement mode rule over the normalization and institutionalization, clear, public punishment standards, accelerate the implementation of separation pay penalty, stop highway law enforcement chaos. In addition, in the exercise of government functions to promote the rule of law at the same time, to prevent a put, when the "referee", perfect the credit system, to create a fair and orderly market environment.
Methods: to promote innovation, reduced cost and efficiency "tackling the problem"
Vigorously clean up and standardize charges related enterprises, is an important measure to promote the supply side structural reform, the system can reduce the transaction cost from the source, so that businesses and people have more to gain a sense of "". In reducing logistics costs, we must adhere to the "cost reduction" in advance, really reduce the burden of enterprises, and strive to solve the deep-seated problems of logistics operation, through the "synergy" to inject lasting power.
We will continue to promote tax reduction and reduction. The relevant departments should be promoted to carry out joint work to implement the tax deductible policy of car carrier. Further clean up and standardize the railways, ports and other areas of the charges related enterprises. Through many ways to explore innovative highway fees, the enterprises really feel the benefits of "reducing cost".
Promote the use of "Internet plus" a new form of logistics. We will promote cross departmental, cross modal, cross regional and cross border logistics related information sharing, enrich the information resources of new format enterprises and platform enterprises, promote real-time sharing and intelligent matching of freight supply and demand information, and improve the efficiency of logistics organization.
We will vigorously promote the model of advanced transport organization. ?Through demonstration and driving, the promotion and application of multimodal transport will be accelerated, and the railway will be promoted to the port and into the park. We will sum up the experience of piloting and transport and speed up the popularization of transportation. It will promote the convergence and matching of the standards, and encourage the sharing and exchange of containers, semi trailers and pallets. Support the construction of public freight hub (Logistics Park) around the city and build the carrier of urban joint distribution.
In general, it is a difficult, extensive and challenging system to reduce the logistics cost of the transport link. The transportation department will adhere to the deepening of the supply side structural reform as the main line, make a short board, good environment, good growth momentum, lowering the efficiency of "combined" to revitalize the real economy, speed up the construction of the modern economic system to provide solid support.
(source: Policy Research Room of the Ministry of transportation and transportation)